Word of the Day
beatitude | |
Definition: | Supreme blessedness or happiness. |
Synonyms: | blessedness, beatification |
Free content
provided by The Free Dictionary
Thursday, May 24, 2007
Casado de novo
É claro que sei que casado de novo, comumente usado na forma do diminutivo casadinho de novo, significa recém-casado, mas todas as vezes que o ouço, o primeiro pensamento que me vem à cabeça é que se trata de alguém que casou novamente.
Tuesday, May 22, 2007
Crazy Spanish vowels
Here I refer as crazy Spanish vowels to those vowels that are not in accordance with cognates in other languages, particularly Romance:
Sp. asamblea, Port. assembléia, It. assemblea, Eng. assembly, Fr. assemblée
Sp. asesinar, Port. assassinar, It. assassinare, Eng. assassinate, Fr. assassiner
Sp. vivir, Port. viver, It. vivere
I'm sure other words will occur to me eventually. It seemed that I had many more yesterday when I thought of starting this post.
Sp. asamblea, Port. assembléia, It. assemblea, Eng. assembly, Fr. assemblée
Sp. asesinar, Port. assassinar, It. assassinare, Eng. assassinate, Fr. assassiner
Sp. vivir, Port. viver, It. vivere
I'm sure other words will occur to me eventually. It seemed that I had many more yesterday when I thought of starting this post.
Monday, May 21, 2007
Vermifugar
Hoje vi num restaurante, o mesmo donde tínhamos saído meu amigo e eu antes de discutirmos a palavra fertilíssimo (noite indubitavelmente ubertosa), um aviso sobre a venda de duas gatas que tinham sido vacinadas, castradas e vermifugadas. Esse vermifugadas chamou-me a atenção, pois não me lembro de o ter visto antes antes. Imediatamente tirei uma caneta do bolso e comecei a escrever os meus pensamentos na toalha de papel sobre a qual estava o meu prato de sobremesa. Decompus a palavra em vermis + fugare. Vermis é um substantivo latino de terceira declinação cujo genitivo termina em -is. O fato de ser usado aí o genitivo não é de estranhar, já que o latim recorria a esse caso para formar palavras compostas (cf. terraemotus, movimento da terra, que deu terremoto em português - em Portugal pelo que tenho lido é terramoto). Fugare pode ser considerado um causativo latino do verbo fugere, fugir, que vem a ser pôr em fuga, afugentar. Antes de escrever estas minhas impressões, fui ao dicionário para obter mais informações a respeito do verbo vermifugar, e não é que este não se encontra lexicalizado, pelo menos não no meu dicionário, que já está um tanto passadinho! Sem embargo, encontrei vermífugo. Provalvemente se terá criado o verbo a partir do substantivo, o que não é fato raro. O que me intriga é que a frase passiva em português gata vermifugada implica uma voz ativa: vermifugaram a gata, em que a gata cumpre a função de objeto direto. Mas, pelo menos etimologicamente, o objeto direto encontra-se já no próprio verbo, o que faria com que a oração em português tivesse dois objetos diretos, o que é tecnicamente impossível! Línguas como o latim e o alemão permitem dois objetos diretos, mas mesmo nesta última verifica-se uma tendência a transformar o objeto direto representado por pessoa em objeto indireto: ich lehre ihm das Rechnen em vez de ich lehre ihn das Rechnen. É claro que no verbo vermifugar desapareceu da cabeça do falante comum a idéia de objeto direto já embutido, o que lhe permite acrescentar o complemento que mais lhe aprouver, mas não deixa de ser interessante esta discussão.
Fertilíssimo
Hoje um amigo meu, numa conversa informal, disse que tinha a imaginação fertilíssima. Depois que terminou a frase, intervim e falei-lhe a respeito da impressão que me causou a palavra, da qual passo a discorrer:
Os adjetivos em -il em português (fértil, difícil, fácil, etc.) derivam de adjetivos latinos em -ilis (fertilis, difficilis, facilis) cujo superlativo sintético terminava em -imus: fertilimus, difficilimus, facilimus. Ocorre que tanto a palavra fácil quanto difícil são dadas nos livros de gramática (e na vida real) como tendo superlativos "irregulares" em português, a saber, facílimo e difícilimo. A pergunta que me fiz foi: se ocorreu assim com esses dois adjetivos, não teria ocorrido o mesmo com fértil, de igual terminação? Cheguei a casa e recorri ao pai-dos-burros, como é carinhosamente chamado o dicionário no Brasil, e este não me deu nenhuma indicação com relação ao superlativo do adjetivo fértil, que me faz pensar que este é regular segundo as regras da língua portuguesa, fertilíssimo portanto. No Google aparecem 846 páginas em português com fertilíssimo e nenhuma com fertílimo. O que mais me chama a atenção é que esses três adjetivos chegaram ao português por via popular, mas tenho minhas dúvidas quanto a facílimo e dificílimo. Talvez apender ao adjetivo fértil o sufixo íssimo seja mesmo o mais sensato, e quem não gostar que se contente com ubérrimo.
Os adjetivos em -il em português (fértil, difícil, fácil, etc.) derivam de adjetivos latinos em -ilis (fertilis, difficilis, facilis) cujo superlativo sintético terminava em -imus: fertilimus, difficilimus, facilimus. Ocorre que tanto a palavra fácil quanto difícil são dadas nos livros de gramática (e na vida real) como tendo superlativos "irregulares" em português, a saber, facílimo e difícilimo. A pergunta que me fiz foi: se ocorreu assim com esses dois adjetivos, não teria ocorrido o mesmo com fértil, de igual terminação? Cheguei a casa e recorri ao pai-dos-burros, como é carinhosamente chamado o dicionário no Brasil, e este não me deu nenhuma indicação com relação ao superlativo do adjetivo fértil, que me faz pensar que este é regular segundo as regras da língua portuguesa, fertilíssimo portanto. No Google aparecem 846 páginas em português com fertilíssimo e nenhuma com fertílimo. O que mais me chama a atenção é que esses três adjetivos chegaram ao português por via popular, mas tenho minhas dúvidas quanto a facílimo e dificílimo. Talvez apender ao adjetivo fértil o sufixo íssimo seja mesmo o mais sensato, e quem não gostar que se contente com ubérrimo.
Saturday, May 19, 2007
Numbers
Numbers in all languages seem to be something that deserves our attention, since they can sometimes behave in quite unpredictable ways.
In Basque, for example, numbers are placed before nouns, as seems to be the case with most Indo-European languages, except the word for one, bat, placed after the noun. Etxe bat (one house), bi etxe (two houses). Although Basque has the plural, it's not used after numbers.
Latin for one, two and three had three forms: unus (m.), una (f.), unum (n.); duos (m.), duae (f.), duo (n.), tres (m./f.), tria. The three-gender two has partly been preserved in Portuguese (dois, m; duas, f.), Romanian (doi, m.; două, f./n.) and Catalan (dos, m.; dues, f.). French, Italian and Spanish have only one word for that number: deux, due, dos, respectively. Romanian also boasts an interesting feature: numbers beginning at 20 have to be preceded by the preposition de: două case (two houses), but douăzeci de case (twenty houses). Spanish and Portuguese hundreds agree in gender with the noun they modify: doscientos hombres/duzentos homens (two hundred men), doscientas mujeres/duzentas mulheres (two hundred women).
Slavic languages have their fair stock of complexity when it comes to numbers, since here gender, number and case have to be taken into consideration. One has three forms in Polish, Czech, Russian and Macedonian: jeden, jedna, jedno; jeden, jedna, jedno; один, одна, одно; еден, една, едно, respectively, and are followed by the nominative or accusative singular. The number for two has two forms, in which sometimes the masculine agrees with the neuter (Polish dwa, Russian два) or the feminine agrees with the neuter (Czech dvě). Numbers 2 to 4 are followed by nouns in the genitive singular in Russian, but not in Polish and Czech, which require nominative or accusative plural instead. In all the Slavic languages discussed in this post except Macedonian, numbers 5 upwards all require the genitive plural, except Russian when tens end in 1, 2, 3 or 4 as in 21, 22, 23, 31, 32, 33, etc. Macedonian, having lost almost all its cases, uses numbers with singular or plural nouns, as in English, except that monosyllabic words with numbers from 2 to 10, especially, very commonly end in a: два дена (two days), instead of the regular два денови.
There's more: Polish numbers have a special form when they are used with animate nouns, which doesn't occur in the other Slavic languages I've mentioned:
Na stole leżą dwa notesy. - There are two notebooks on the table (notes, notebook, is inanimate).
W pokoju stoją dwaj panowie. - There are two men in the room (pan, singular of panowie, man, is animate).
Instead of dwaj, the more colloquial genitive form dwóch could be used, which, oddly enough, requires a singular verb and a noun in the genitive plural:
W pokoju stoi dwóch panów.
Slovak is like Polish here, but unlike Czech:
Na stole ležia dva zošity/notesy.
V pokoji stoja dvaja páni.
In Czech you would have dva in both cases:
Na stole leží dva sešity.
V pokoji stojí dva páni/pánové.
Slavic languages also have an interesting set of numbers that are used with nouns that come in pairs, like scissors, pants, and so on, or that only exist in the plural form, the so called pluralia tantum, which, it goes without saying, also need to be declined in gender, number and case. After these numbers, Polish, Slovak and Russian require genitive plural and Czech, nominative/accusative plural.
Polish: Mam dwie gazety. (I have two newspapers).
Mam dwoje okularów. (I have two pairs of glasses).
Some German numbers can be declined, although in practice they seldom are: Die Liebe zweier Brüder (the love of two brothers).
And Japanese has the counters. Numbers cannot just be placed before a noun. You need to know the exact counter that goes with such and such word based on the shape of the concept you have in mind. There are counters for long objects like bananas and umbrellas, counters for buildings and houses, counters for small animals, counters for sheets of paper, etc.
In Basque, for example, numbers are placed before nouns, as seems to be the case with most Indo-European languages, except the word for one, bat, placed after the noun. Etxe bat (one house), bi etxe (two houses). Although Basque has the plural, it's not used after numbers.
Latin for one, two and three had three forms: unus (m.), una (f.), unum (n.); duos (m.), duae (f.), duo (n.), tres (m./f.), tria. The three-gender two has partly been preserved in Portuguese (dois, m; duas, f.), Romanian (doi, m.; două, f./n.) and Catalan (dos, m.; dues, f.). French, Italian and Spanish have only one word for that number: deux, due, dos, respectively. Romanian also boasts an interesting feature: numbers beginning at 20 have to be preceded by the preposition de: două case (two houses), but douăzeci de case (twenty houses). Spanish and Portuguese hundreds agree in gender with the noun they modify: doscientos hombres/duzentos homens (two hundred men), doscientas mujeres/duzentas mulheres (two hundred women).
Slavic languages have their fair stock of complexity when it comes to numbers, since here gender, number and case have to be taken into consideration. One has three forms in Polish, Czech, Russian and Macedonian: jeden, jedna, jedno; jeden, jedna, jedno; один, одна, одно; еден, една, едно, respectively, and are followed by the nominative or accusative singular. The number for two has two forms, in which sometimes the masculine agrees with the neuter (Polish dwa, Russian два) or the feminine agrees with the neuter (Czech dvě). Numbers 2 to 4 are followed by nouns in the genitive singular in Russian, but not in Polish and Czech, which require nominative or accusative plural instead. In all the Slavic languages discussed in this post except Macedonian, numbers 5 upwards all require the genitive plural, except Russian when tens end in 1, 2, 3 or 4 as in 21, 22, 23, 31, 32, 33, etc. Macedonian, having lost almost all its cases, uses numbers with singular or plural nouns, as in English, except that monosyllabic words with numbers from 2 to 10, especially, very commonly end in a: два дена (two days), instead of the regular два денови.
There's more: Polish numbers have a special form when they are used with animate nouns, which doesn't occur in the other Slavic languages I've mentioned:
Na stole leżą dwa notesy. - There are two notebooks on the table (notes, notebook, is inanimate).
W pokoju stoją dwaj panowie. - There are two men in the room (pan, singular of panowie, man, is animate).
Instead of dwaj, the more colloquial genitive form dwóch could be used, which, oddly enough, requires a singular verb and a noun in the genitive plural:
W pokoju stoi dwóch panów.
Slovak is like Polish here, but unlike Czech:
Na stole ležia dva zošity/notesy.
V pokoji stoja dvaja páni.
In Czech you would have dva in both cases:
Na stole leží dva sešity.
V pokoji stojí dva páni/pánové.
Slavic languages also have an interesting set of numbers that are used with nouns that come in pairs, like scissors, pants, and so on, or that only exist in the plural form, the so called pluralia tantum, which, it goes without saying, also need to be declined in gender, number and case. After these numbers, Polish, Slovak and Russian require genitive plural and Czech, nominative/accusative plural.
Polish: Mam dwie gazety. (I have two newspapers).
Mam dwoje okularów. (I have two pairs of glasses).
Some German numbers can be declined, although in practice they seldom are: Die Liebe zweier Brüder (the love of two brothers).
And Japanese has the counters. Numbers cannot just be placed before a noun. You need to know the exact counter that goes with such and such word based on the shape of the concept you have in mind. There are counters for long objects like bananas and umbrellas, counters for buildings and houses, counters for small animals, counters for sheets of paper, etc.
Thursday, May 17, 2007
Se quer dirigir-se
Hoje li uma frase que me pareceu estranhíssima: Também se usa a palavra mate quando se quer dirigir-se de maneira agradável a outra pessoa, principalmente homem.
É a repetição do se que me incomoda. Apesar de saber que o primeiro se é o índice de indeterminação do sujeito e o segundo é um pronome reflexivo que faz parte do verbo dirigir-se, tenho sérias dúvidas quanto à gramaticalidade e à idiomaticidade da referida frase. Eu a considero marginal. Reformulá-la-ia a frase assim: Também usamos/usam a palavra mate quando queremos dirigir-nos/querem dirigir-se de maneira agradável a outra pessoa, principalmente homem. Vou fazer esta pergunta ao Ciberdúvidas e depois publico aqui a resposta que me deram.
Eis a resposta que me deram.
É a repetição do se que me incomoda. Apesar de saber que o primeiro se é o índice de indeterminação do sujeito e o segundo é um pronome reflexivo que faz parte do verbo dirigir-se, tenho sérias dúvidas quanto à gramaticalidade e à idiomaticidade da referida frase. Eu a considero marginal. Reformulá-la-ia a frase assim: Também usamos/usam a palavra mate quando queremos dirigir-nos/querem dirigir-se de maneira agradável a outra pessoa, principalmente homem. Vou fazer esta pergunta ao Ciberdúvidas e depois publico aqui a resposta que me deram.
Eis a resposta que me deram.
Monday, May 14, 2007
ů in masculine -a words
It came as a surprise to me that Czech masculine nouns ending in -a do not follow the feminine paradigm in the plural, unlike Polish and Russian, and do so only in the singular. Instead, it uses a ů in that case, which is standard for masculine nouns ending in a consonant.
Polish: Książki tych polskich poet są czytane na całym świecie. (The books of those Polish poets are read all over the world./Those Polish poets' books are read all over the world.) Poeta, a masculine noun, has a zero ending in the genitive plural.
Russian: Жены этих мужчин больные. (The wives of those men are sick/Those men's wives are sick). Mужчинa has a zero ending.
Czech: Příběhy těch hrdinů jsou známé v celé zemi. (The stories of those heroes are known in the whole country./Those heroes' stories are known in the whole country.) Hrdina, ending in -a, has a ů genitive.
Look, however, that the three languages have a zero ending for feminine words ending in -a in the plural:
Polish: Kapelusze tych żon są drogie.
Russian: Шляпы этих женщин дорогие.
Czech: Klobouky těch žen jsou drahé.
English: The hats of those women are expensive./Those women's hats are expensive.
Polish: Książki tych polskich poet są czytane na całym świecie. (The books of those Polish poets are read all over the world./Those Polish poets' books are read all over the world.) Poeta, a masculine noun, has a zero ending in the genitive plural.
Russian: Жены этих мужчин больные. (The wives of those men are sick/Those men's wives are sick). Mужчинa has a zero ending.
Czech: Příběhy těch hrdinů jsou známé v celé zemi. (The stories of those heroes are known in the whole country./Those heroes' stories are known in the whole country.) Hrdina, ending in -a, has a ů genitive.
Look, however, that the three languages have a zero ending for feminine words ending in -a in the plural:
Polish: Kapelusze tych żon są drogie.
Russian: Шляпы этих женщин дорогие.
Czech: Klobouky těch žen jsou drahé.
English: The hats of those women are expensive./Those women's hats are expensive.
Monday, May 7, 2007
Adnominal Adverbs in Japanese
Perhaps Japanese linguistics literature calls it by a different name but by adnominal adverbs I mean a construction wherein the main verb or the sentence as a whole is modified by an adnominal modifier to a noun in the sentence. How abominable and twisted! An example is;
Now, the ko- (small) which is a prefix modifies the noun to create "small ear" but in this construction is used as a modifier to the whole sentence or the verb. That is to say, it means that the way the action of knowing the news is small; casual, slight, unintentional or fragmentary information.
Until yesterday I thought adnominal adverbs were a small set of idiomatic expressions with affixes (小首をかしげる, ご飯ばかり食べる etc.). This, however, seems not to be the case. The following adnominal adverb is made by the genitive marker no- and the construction looks rather productive:
小耳にはさんだA literal translation of the expression is, "I've held in the small ear that." Just in case an idiomatic expression confuses the reader, mimi-ni hasamu (to hold in the ear) is a Japanese expression meaning "to hear a rumor or news."
komimi-ni hasanda
smallEar-LOC holdPast
I just happened to hear that (...)
Now, the ko- (small) which is a prefix modifies the noun to create "small ear" but in this construction is used as a modifier to the whole sentence or the verb. That is to say, it means that the way the action of knowing the news is small; casual, slight, unintentional or fragmentary information.
Until yesterday I thought adnominal adverbs were a small set of idiomatic expressions with affixes (小首をかしげる, ご飯ばかり食べる etc.). This, however, seems not to be the case. The following adnominal adverb is made by the genitive marker no- and the construction looks rather productive:
観念の眼を閉じるThis blog entry does not have a conclusion but is a small note of what occurred to me like a sunrise in the desert.
kannen-no manako-o todžiru
resignation-GEN eye-ACC close
close one's eyes in resignation
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)