Word of the Day

Friday, February 22, 2013

Playing



There are three main ways to translate to play in Portuguese: tocar (a musical instrument), jogar (a sport or something defined by rules) and brincar (no established rules, simple plain fun). I can’t find this trichotomy in any other language. The only language I am familiar with that distinguishes between brincar and jogar is Swedish (leka for the former, spela for the latter), but spela also means tocar. Some languages have one verb for brincar and jogar and another for tocar, such as Italian giocare x suonare, Spanish jugar x tocar, whereas others have only one for the three, such as German spielen. Other languages may have different constructions, such as Czech hrát + accusative (jogar), hrát si (brincar), hrát na + accusative (tocar), Romanian a se juca (brincar), a juca (jogar), and a cânta la (tocar). A cânta without la means to sing, cf. Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Italian cantare, French chanter. In English there is the cognate to chant.

Different languages and countries deal with the verb jogar in different ways. In Spain, Italy and France they use jugar, giocare and jouer, respectively, followed by the preposition a (in French à):  jugar al fútbol, giocare al calcio, jouer au football. But in most of Latin America (except in the River Plate area, where they follow Spain in this regard), jogar is simply followed by a  noun: jugar fútbol/futbol. In French jouer can also be followed by the preposition de, but in this case it means tocar: jouer du piano, jouer de la guitare.


Friday, February 8, 2013

Plazma and other ma words in Czech and Slovak

The Czech word plazma, unlike neuters words of Greek descent such as téma (theme) and drama, is feminine when its is related to blood plasma, but neuter when it refers to gas. This is how the same word, téma, is declined in Czech, where it is neuter, and Slovak, where it is feminine:

Declension of téma in Czech:
Singular
nom./acc./voc. téma
gen./dat./loc. tématu

instr. tématem
loc. tématu

Plural
nom/acc./voc. témata
gen. témat
dat. tématům
instr. tématy
loc. tématech

Declension of téma in Slovak:
Singular
nom. téma
gen. témy
dat./loc. téme
acc. tému
instr. témou

Plural
nom./acc. témy
gen. tém
dat. témam
instr. témami
loc. témach

Minhocultura


Vi outro dia a palavra minhocultura. Surpreendeu-me a sua formação, que não é nada transparente. Trata-se da criação de minhocas. Um pouco mais fácil de entender seria minhococultura, que também aparece na Internet, ainda que menos, a par de bovinocultura, ciprinocultura (criação de carpas), equinocultura, hemocultura, hidrocultura, monocultura, ovinocultura, radiocultura e suinocultura, que aparecem no Houaiss. Rigorosamente falando, só os termos gregos deveriam terminar em o, e os latinos em i, do genitivo latino da segunda declinação em i ou da terceira em is, o que nos daria bovicultura, equicultura, ovicultura e suicultura, mas as coisas não tomaram esse rumo. Esse mesmo raciocínio poderia levar-nos a criar vermicultura, termo não atestado, que poderia englobar a criação de minhocas.
 
Aqui se fala em haplologia, que nos deu embalsamento, por exemplo, a par dos mais lídimos embalsamamento e embalsamação, de embalsamar + mento/ção. Ao contrário do que diz a resposta, não encontro minho(co)cultura no Houaiss; deve tratar-se de versões diferentes, a minha é de 2009. O Aulete digital registra só minhocultura e o Priberam tanto minhocultura quanto minhococultura. É estranho que o Aulete, que é brasileiro, diga que é brasileirismo e o Priberam, que é português, não afirme a mesma coisa.

Tuesday, February 5, 2013

Bilingual dictionaries

I always tell people to beware of bilingual dictionaries. One of the many reasons why: by looking up the Hungarian word vél in this dictionary, one finds as its first translation trow, which is a fine English word, but one almost nobody knows for its 'archaicness'. Here is its definition in English. A Hungarian might as well use trow speaking English under the impression it is an everyday English word, and all he would get is puzzled looks from regular English speakers.