Word of the Day

Monday, March 15, 2010

Genitive of písmeno

I don't know better, but I suspect the genitive of the Czech word písmeno (letter), a neuter noun as (all?) others ending in o, can be písmene alongside písmena, the latter the regular form, due to contamination with other ne genitives, but of masculine nouns, as kmen, kmene (tribe, trunk) and hřeben, hřebene (comb).

Sunday, March 14, 2010

No verb of movement after modal verbs

There is something that German, Dutch, Czech, Polish and Romanian allow, which I haven't encountered in other languages: it is possible to leave out the verb to go after verbs like must, can, want. In German: Ich will zur Mami (gehen), in Dutch Ik wil naar mama (gaan), in Czech Chci (jít) k mámě, in Polish Chcę (iść) do mamy, in Romanian Vreau (să mă duc) la mami. The verb to go is in parentheses, all meaning I want to go to where my mom is or I want my mom.

Sunday, March 7, 2010

Czech and Polish collective numbers

Polish makes wider use of collective numbers than Czech. In Polish, collective numbers (dvoje, troje, czworo, pięcioro, etc.) are used when referring to mixed groups composed of both men and women, to children and baby animals and to nouns which only appear in the plural (known as pluralia tantum in Latin), something also shared with Czech. We thus have:

PO:Znam pięcioro polskich studentów. - The students are both male and female.
PO: Znam pięć polskish studentów. - The students are male.
CZ: Znám pět polských studentů. - We don't know if the students are all male or male and female.
EN: I know five Polish students.

PO: Ona ma troje dzieci.
CZ: Ona má tří děti.
EN: She has three chidren.

PO: W szufladzie jest dwoje nożyczek. - The numeral requires the genitive plural and the verb is in the singular.
CZ: V šuplíku jsou dvoje nůžky. - The numeral requires the nominative plural and the verb is in the plural.
EN: There are two pairs of scissors in the drawer.

Saturday, March 6, 2010

Divergences among Slavic languages dealing with animate/"man" nouns and consonant change

Even though Czech, Polish, Slovak, and Russian work in very similar ways regarding declensions, there is a striking difference between them. In Czech, Polish, Slovak, and Russian in the singular, masculine animate nouns share an accusative and a genitive form: vidím Poláka/slona (CZ), widzę Polaka/słonia(PO), vidím Poliaka/slona (SK), Ya vizhu Polyaka/slona (RU) (I see a/the Pole/elephant). In nominative plural, Czech orders nouns according to animacy and Polish and Slovak according to manness. That's why in Czech you have Sloni/Poláci(both animate) jsou tu, in Polish Słonie (non man)/Polacy (male) są tu and in Slovak Slony (non man)/Poliaci (male) sú tu. (The elephants/Poles are here.) There's no such distinction in Russian in the nominative plural: Polyaki/Slony tut. In the accusative plural, you get Vidím slony/Poláky (CZ), Widzę słonie/Polaków (PO), and Vidím slony/Poliakov. Notice that Slovak and Russian lack a vocative case (except for a very restricted number of nouns). Russian, the only non-West Slavic language here, is simpler in this regard: animate nouns have accusative = genitive in both singular and plural, whether they are human or not.

Maybe some confronting tables will help visualize it better:

Czech - Polish - Slovak - Russian (transliterated)(In Russian, instead of locative, one normally talks about the prepositional. Russian locative coincides with prepositional, except for very few words.)

Singular

nominative: slon - słoń- slon- slon
accusative: slona - słonia - slona - slona
genitive: slona - słonia - slona - slona
dative: slonovi/slonu - słoniowi - slonovi - slonu
vocative: slone - słoniu - slon -slon
locative: slonovi/slonu - słoniu - slonovi - slone
instrumental: slonem - słoniem - slonom - slonom

Plural

nominative/vocative: sloni - słonie - slony - slony
accusative: slony - słonie - slony - slonov
genitive: slonů - słoni - slonov - slonov
dative: slonům - słoniom - slonom - slonam
locative: slonech - słoniach - slonoch - slonakh
instrumental: slony - słoniami - slonmi - slonami

Czech - Polish - Slovak - Russian

Singular

nominative: Polák - Polak - Poliak - Polyak
accusative: Poláka - Polaka - Poliaka - Polyaka
genitive: Poláka - Polaka - Poliaka - Polyaka
dative: Polákovi/Poláku - Polakowi - Poliakovi - Polyaku
vocative: Poláku - Polaku - Poliak - Polyak
locative: Polákovi/Poláku - Polaku - Poliakovi - Polyake
instrumental: Polákem - Polakiem - Poliakom - Polyakom

Plural

nominative/vocative: Poláci - Polacy - Poliaci - Polyaki
accusative: Poláky - Polaków - Poliakov - Polyakov
genitive: Poláků - Polaków - Poliakov - Polyakov
dative: Polákům - Polakom - Poliakom - Polyakam
locative: Polácích - Polakach - Poliakoch - Polyakakh
instrumental: Poláky - Polakami - Poliakmi - Polyakami

Thursday, March 4, 2010

Verbo add em português

Que besteira é esta do tal verbo add em português, que já vi um par de vezes? A última vez foi do meu próprio irmão, sangue do meu sangue, um homem barbado dos seus quarenta e dois, quarenta e três anos, não um adolescente cheio de espinhas, que saiu com esta: Pede pra ela add você, que verá. O fato de ser uma palavra estrangeira não é mais chocante, já que foram formados printar, bootar (ou butar), deletar, etc. no Brasil, mas o que mais espanta é que add não tem nenhuma das terminações verbais dos infinitivos portugueses (ar, er ou ir), sendo a primeira, ar, de longe a mais comum. Além disso, há tantos verbos que se podem e se usam no lugar, tais como acrescentar, adicionar, pôr, colocar, etc., com preferência para os dois primeiros. Que fosse no mínimo adar (ou addar, na minha opinião pior) se se teme pela sua imprescindibilidade. Será que não existe um pouco de bom senso nos usuários de português no Brasil? O verbo add é simplesmente um mostrengo que mexe com toda a estrutura da língua.

E olhem só o que lembrei: adir e sua conjugação