Societal

Lo anterior es una situación que puede causar risa; no obstante es digno de un análisis sociológico, ya que el «narcomundo» está permeando de manera acelerada en diversos espacios societales, esa «narcocultura» se manifiesta a través del lenguaje partiendo desde las conversaciones coloquiales.

¿No habría bastado social? Me parece que sí y no soy el único que tiene esa opinión.

Latin sylva

This says Sylvan comes from Latin sylva, which I had never seen. I know silva, with an i, not a y, and I wondered why there should be a y there instead since that word doesn't seem to be of Greek origin. Greek words containing a upsilon were often spelled with a y in Latin, such as chrysanthemum, from Greek χρυσάνθεμον (golden flower) and lyra, from Greek λύρα. I haven't been able to find σύλβα anywhere. This dictionary says sylva is "weniger gut" (less good) than silva.

Tip (gratuity)

Several languages display something in common regarding the word tip. In Portuguese it is gorjeta, which comes from French gorge, meaning throat, it's money you give someone for them to wet their throat. In Czech it is spropitné, inside of which is the word pít, to drink. In Polish it is napiwek. Pić means to drink and piwo is beer. In German it is Trinkgeld (trinken = to drink, Geld = money), also used in colloquial Czech under the disguise of tringeld, tringelt, trinkgeld or trinkgelt. In French it is pourboire (pour = for, boire = to drink). The Russians, albeit their fame as heavy vodka drinkers, have чаевые (chaevye, for the tea), which could be an example of euphemism. The Greeks have the romantic φιλοδώρημα (filodórima), which could be interpreted as filia (friendship) + doro (present, gift). In Hungarian it is borravaló, where bor means wine.

Chce to

It looks as if I've found a Czech expression structurally and semantically very similar to an Italian one: chce to and ci vuole. Chce is from the verb chtít (to want), vuole is from the verb volere (also to want). The sentence I've seen Chce to odvahu (Courage is necessary, We need courage) could be expressed in Italian with Ci vuole coraggio.

Mota

I heard the character Pablo Escobar in the movie Blow say mota to Johnny Depp, who plays an American drug dealer. The word mota (marihuana, grass, weed) that had been used a couple of other times in the movie, is Mexican (also used in surrounding countries) and would most likely not be used by a Colombian speaking to an American who spoke very little Spanish. I know that dialectical precision would be asking too much of Hollywood, but that inaccuracy really caught my attention.

More here.

Pagela

A candidata Marina Silva no Programa do Jô chamou pagela à chamada do professor. Talvez seja uma palavra comum no Acre, Estado de onde ela é natural. O mais próximo a este significado que encontrei em qualquer dicionário foi o de pequena página aqui. Chamou-me muito a atenção porque até então só conhecia a palavra em italiano (pagella), mas com o significado de boletim escolar.

Kafé s sebou

I've seen the word for coffee spelled in so many ways in the Czech Republic, including the one that opens this post meaning coffee to go, that I decided to make a small list of the correct spellings in case anybody who writes shop signs and menus shows up here.

Portuguese/Spanish/French: café
Italian: caffè
English: coffee
German: Kaffee
Czech: káva or kafe (no accent mark)

And please! Italian latte (milk) is not spelled latté. It is not French, after all.

Dosáhnout and dosiahnuť

I found out yesterday that Slovak, the most closely related language to Czech, makes use of a different case after the verb dosiahnuť, to achieve, to reach. Czech dosáhnout requires the genitive (Víme, jak dosáhnout předních míst ve vyhledávačích), whereas Slovak dosiahnuť requires the accusative (Vieme, ako dosiahnuť predné miesta vo vyhľadávačoch). Maybe that is why I remember seeing dosáhnout with the accusative in a Czech text. It is probably a Slovakism.

Absence of accent marks

Today I saw MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES (Doctors without borders) and below it its Czech version LÉKAŘI BEZ HRANIC both in block letters. What drew my attention is that the French decided to do away with their diacritics (médecins sans frontières) while the Czech flaunt theirs. Is that maybe because of that purported French rule that you shouldn't accent majuscules or is there a statement behind that?

No obstante

El Nobel a Mario Vargas Llosa ha puesto de manifiesto no sólo la pujanza del español como idioma sino la importancia de escribir un buen español, algo que el escritor peruano hace a la perfección, no obstante es miembro de la Real Academia Española desde 1996.

¿Qué quiere decir ese no obstante? ¿Que hasta 1996 Mario Vargas Llosa no sabía escribir porque aún no era miembro de la RAE o que el escribiente no sabe lo que significa no obstante?

A hungry chef

Sentence in a Czech magazine that really tickled me: Václav Nesnídal řídí kuchyni ve Strakově akademii už čtrnáct let. = Václav Nesnídal (the chef's name, but if you translate it literally, it means Wenceslas Did Not Have Breakfast) has been running a kitchen at the Straka Academy (seat of the Czech government) for fourteen years. The shoemaker's son always goes barefoot. Talk about the opposite of an aptronym.

Other funny Czech surnames are Skočdopole (Jump into the field), Pospíšil (He hurried, hastened), Nejezchleba (Do not eat bread), Koukal (He took a look), Hrabal (He raked), Osolsobě (Salt your food), Přecechtěl (Despite it he wanted it), Zabloudil (He strayed away, He lost his way).

Edit on December 8: Today I came across a diving instructor slash travel agent named Zabloudil, mentioned above. I'm not sure I'd go on a trip or under water with him. :)

Esspreso

I saw the word espresso spelled esspreso at a Czech café a couple of days ago. The writer probably knew there were two s's somewhere but didn't remember where exactly. That spelling somehow reminded me of the Hungarian standard spelling eszpresszó.

Gender of maz and kolomaz

The Czech language never ceases to amaze me. I found out yesterday that, even though kolomaz "axle grease" is derived from maz "grease, lubricant", the latter is masculine and the former is feminine! The genitive of maz is mazu (declined like hrad) and that of kolomaz is kolomazi (declined like kost).

Wiara w Allaha

Doradcy prezydenta doszli do wniosku, że zdjęcia Obamy w turbanie mogłyby wywołać w USA nową falę plotek o jego ukrywanej wierze w Allaha.

Ale wszyscy chrześcianie wierzą w Allaha, bo to arabskie słowo dla Boga, a nie tylko dla Boga muzułmanów.

Jseš and jsi

In colloquial Czech the non-standard form jseš is often heard instead of jsi, but the interesting thing is that it only crops up when the verb být (to be) is used as a full verb, not as an auxiliary. We would thus have Jseš unavenej? (Are you tired?), but Šel jsi na poštu? (Did you go to the post office?) Jseš doesn't seem possible as an auxiliary. There is a similar situation in Serbo-Croatian, which uses the full or the abbreviated forms depending on a few factors of the verb to be as a linking verb , but only the abbreviated forms as the auxiliary for the past: jesam and sam, jesi and si, jeste and je, jesmo and smo, jeste and ste, jesu and su.

Brasileiros e brasileiras

Não aguento mais ouvir brasileiros e brasileiras de José Serra e de Dilma Rousseff. Será que eles não se tocam que desde sempre o masculino plural abarcou tanto os homens quanto as mulheres? Será que não sabem também que é o feminino que é o gênero marcado em português (e de outras línguas)? Essa insistência no feminino não é da natureza do nosso português. O engraçado é que dizem que algo é para todos os brasileiros e brasileiras. Se querem bater nessa mesma tecla, por que não dizem que algo é para todos os brasileiros e todas as brasileiras. Confundem gênero com sexo, e infelizmente não são os únicos.

Dele no Jornal Nacional

Já há tempos venho notando o uso, para mim estranho e exagerado, dos pronomes dele ou dela Jornal Nacional. Na edição de ontem ouviu-se "... o juiz do trabalho Marcelo Alexandrino recebeu a notícia de que o filho dele, de 11 anos, e a enteada..." Noto que a própria jornalista dispensou o pronome possessivo antes de enteada e poderia tê-lo feito também antes de filho. Será que existe algum livro de (mau) estilo que desaconselha o uso de seu, que admito ser ambíguo às vezes, ou de nada, que os jornalistas da Globo têm de seguir para dizer tais coisas, tudo em nome da clareza? Para mim teria ficado tudo muito claro e elegante sem possessivo nenhum.

Joule

Lembro que no colegial pronunciávamos todos jáuli, com certeza porque assim pronunciava o nosso professor de Física, mas na Wikipédia em português parece que dizer que a pronúncia é dzul ou jáuli, já a versão em língua inglesa diz que é só dzul. Como é que ficamos? Os anglófonos parecem ter a mesma dúvida.

Kontra in Polish

Kontra seems to be the only preposition in a highly-inflected language, such as Polish, that takes the nominative case. Even though this dictionary calls it a preposition, the average user of the language may not feel it to be one, but then what does a Polish speaker think kontra is?

Roncolho, gatofilia e liteira

O Programa do Jô também é cultura. Acabei de aprender roncolho/monórquico.

Mas também ouvi gatofilia, que mais classicamente seria ailurofilia. Em grego moderno há γάτα (gata), talvez de influência italiana; em grego clássico, αἵλουρος (ailuros).

Outra palavra que ouvi com uma nova acepção é liteira. Da entrevista depreende-se que se refere à caixinha, mormente com areia, onde os gatos fazem suas necessidades. Esse novo significado deve ter sido por contaminação do inglês litter, dejetos, lixo, excremento, já que a nossa liteira é algo bem diferente.